How heat waves can kill — and how to stay safe

Extreme temperatures are the most deadly weather events in the United States, consistently killing more people than hurricanes and tornadoes combined. Over the next few days, more than 85% of the lower 48’s population will see temperatures above 90°F (32.2°C), according to CNN meteorologist Dave Hennen, and more than half will see temperatures in excess of 95°F (35°C).

But sweating becomes ineffective as humidity rises above 75%. Our bodies can only let off heat when the outside environment is cooler than our internal body temperature of 98.6°F.

In older adults, medications can also impair heat regulation, Dresden said, and children face additional challenges controlling their body temperature as it gets hotter. That can lead to dangerous, sometimes deadly, consequences.

“The first symptoms that people will start to feel can often be cramping and dizziness,” Dresden said. Those could be managed at home by getting out of the heat and drinking lots of fluids, he added.

“Other, more serious symptoms are if somebody actually passes out or collapses from the heat,” he said. That requires medical attention, and “if friends or family or co-workers are noticing that somebody’s confused, that is also a severe sign of possible heat stroke” that would warrant a trip to the hospital.

Ice baths and wet sheets

Medical interventions for heat-related injuries aren’t always the most pleasant. “We typically use ice baths in our emergency department,” Dresden said. “We’ll do cold water immersion.”

That can rapidly cool someone’s body temperature, but patients are sometimes treated before they even arrive at the hospital. “Our Chicago fire department will often pack a patient’s neck, armpits and groin in ice packs” to target major blood vessels, Dresden said.

Wet sheets and large fans are also used in the hospital to cool patients, especially if ice baths aren’t available. But as an emergency room doctor, Dresden emphasized that preventing heat stroke is almost always easier than treating it.

“Especially for young and healthy people, if you’re going to be exercising, do it when it’s cooler or do it in an air-conditioned gym when it’s really hot outside,” he said. “For everyone else — for everyone really — wear lighter clothing and make sure that you’re drinking lots of fluids.”

People can gauge how well they’re hydrated by looking at their urine. Too dark, Dresden said, and you probably need more water. That can prevent dehydration, which can lead to muscle cramps, dizziness and severe electrolyte abnormalities, he added.

Lives at risk as the climate warms

Heat waves have also increased in frequency, rising from an average of two per year to six per year in the last five decades. The threat is especially pronounced in the Northeast, where “the frequency, intensity, and duration of heat waves is expected to increase” due to climate change.

By 2050, the assessment found, the Northeast can expect at least 650 more deaths each year because of extreme heat.