June 5, 2024
Originally Published June 10, 2023
June 19th commemorates the day that all enslaved Black Americans in a Texas town learned that they were free. BLACK ENTERPRISE honors this day by remembering the heroism of those who came before us and the story of how this day came to be. The history leading to Juneteenth is long and fraught with tragedy that cannot be unwritten. But, as racism and prejudice exist today, it is important to commemorate the legacy and resilience of those who endured oppression and evolved a history into a fully developed holiday that celebrates freedom and Black liberation.
Enslaved Black Americans awaited a future free of bondage for themselves and their descendants, envisioning a life filled with promise and opportunities rather than pain and suffering. On January 1, 1863, these dreams came to fruition with the news of the Emancipation Proclamation, an official decree that all enslaved people were free. Black Americans rejoiced, traveling to announce the news. However, this was not everyone’s story.
The Proclamation was limited in its scope. It only applied to states that seceded from the United States, leaving border states unaffected. It also failed to impact Southern secessionist states already under Northern control. The Emancipation Proclamation was, at its core, a war measure to ensure the Confederacy’s readmission into the Union. Its implementation was to force the Confederacy’s hand and liberate those enslaved in the region. The Union had to win the Civil War to enforce the total abolishment of slavery.
But on June 19, 1865, Union soldiers marched into Galveston Bay in Confederate-controlled Texas, announcing their victory and enforcing the manumission of over 200,000 enslaved people, freeing them from subjugation. Juneteenth was born.
Many consider Texas the birthplace of the holiday. Juneteenth, a portmanteau combining the words June and nineteenth, was first celebrated in the state in 1866, one year after the complete abolition of slavery. Following emancipation, many formerly-enslaved Texans focused on locating long-lost relatives and improving their quality of life. To observe the shift in the tide, they held prayer meetings, sang spirituals, and donned new clothes to signify their newfound liberation.
Some revelers made it a custom to travel to Galveston annually to honor the day. Others created new traditions, like rodeos and horseback riding, in celebration. Many newly freed Black Americans were taught about voting rights. Soon, these traditions spread to nearby states like Mississippi and Louisiana, and eventually, the holiday evolved into what we know it to be today. A day of religious services, speeches, educational events, music, and food festivals, Juneteenth is now a largely recognized festivity.
Juneteenth’s significance has escaped many African Americans, as it was unknown to Black Americans outside of the Texas region and surrounding Southern states. Juneteenth was not a formally recognized holiday in Texas until 1980. And, it is not uncommon for Northerners to be unfamiliar with the concept entirely.
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During the country’s Reconstruction Era, the commemoration of the day was hindered by white southerners’ efforts to glorify the Antebellum period, with the remembrance of slavery reserved for their fallen Confederate brethren. Despite even this, Black Americans still sought to honor and remember a victory over their oppressors. But as the years continued, war and racial violence further scarred the sanctity of the holiday until, by the 1930s and 1940s, celebrations began to dwindle.
With conflicting recollections of the Civil War, the horrors of slavery, and public unrest grew, support for Juneteenth lessened. Eventually, Black Americans opted to honor their traditions in private gatherings. There was little improvement in how Juneteenth was celebrated in the wake of the Civil Rights movement during the 1950s and 1960s. However, the country would witness a large resurgence of Juneteenth celebrations in the 1970s as many Black Americans sought to reclaim their heritage, including their emancipation. But, throughout the South, it always remained a fixture in Black America’s legacy.
Juneteenth celebrations differ from household to household. For many who grew up in Texas, celebrating Juneteenth was a tradition in the home. You could even find families wandering around Fort Worth’s Martin Luther King Junior Center, listening to retellings of what occurred that fateful day.
Opal Lee is an activist who has dedicated her life to honoring the memory of the formerly-enslaved people of Texas. Lee had a vision for how the state should commemorate Juneteenth. Rather than a single day that recognized the atrocities of the past, Lee’s cause expanded into a multi-day event in Fort Worth, TX, that includes a parade, breakfast of prayer, a health and job fair, a Miss Juneteenth Pageant, a 5K run, an art exhibit, and more. Her efforts did not stop there. Lee wanted to ensure that Juneteenth became a federally recognized holiday, so, at 90 years old, she began a walking campaign. Starting small, she traveled through Arlington, Grand Prairie, and Dallas, 2.5 miles at a time. Soon, she traveled across states. Eventually, Lee covered 21 states until the COVID-19 pandemic forced her to stop. However, she witnessed the fruits of her labor on June 17, 2021, when President Biden signed a bill making Juneteenth a federal holiday.
As Juneteenth has grown in popularity, more Americans have learned about its history. It has become a staple celebration in households throughout the country. But, while freedom was first granted to Northerners, the South carried the torch and legacy of Juneteenth.
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